Classical and Contemporary Theories of Management - Sample

Question: Discuss about theClassical and Contemporary Theories of Management. Answer: Introduction Management refers to the act of creating a corporate policy and controlling, organizing, planning, and coordinating the organizations resources so as to accomplish its short and long-term objectives. For every organization to succeed, it needs to have a strong team of management to assume the supervisory roles. At the same time, it should have resources like employees who require being properly managed (Frederickson Ghere 2013). This justifies why each organization applies appropriate management strategies and models that suit it. For a very long time, management theories have enabled the organizations to make important decisions. However, this has been subjected to changes in response to the dynamics of the society. This paper presets an analysis of the changes in the application of managerial theories. It discusses the use of classical and contemporary theories of management in the modern society. Reasons for the Little Change As much as it can be said that the 1960s CEO will hardly notice much changes in the modern day management, it is true that little change will be felt. This will be due to the application of the following new theories of management: Contingency Theory According to this theory, managers are free to make decisions based on the prevailing conditions. Meaning, a leader or manager is not always compelled to apply a specific strategy to address an issue. Instead the manager should be guided by the circumstances at hand. This theory advocates for the flexibility in decision making. A manager who makes decisions depending on the challenges faced is regarded as responsive dynamic. It is encouraged to consider the situation before making a conclusion since each circumstance is different has its own uniqueness (Pike 2013). So, if a leader becomes flexible, a leader can be able to come up with decisions aimed at enabling the organization to tackle all its challenges no matter how difficult they might be. There are many reasons why this theory is applied by the modern day managers. First, the theory is flexible and can give managers an opportunity to scan the organization, know about the nature and magnitude of the problem before coming up with a reasonable solution. At the same time, the theory can make it quite easier for the managers to consult and use theory critical thoughts to make a decision that will be relied on to turn the course of the organization. This justifies why it has been accepted as part of the contemporary management system. All these were not done in the past because the challenges faced were different from todays (Tweedie Holley 2016). The changes in the organizations have to be reflected in management strategies that suit the current society. Contingency is one of the contemporary theories that were not in use in the past. It can shock the CEO because he will realize that the modern day managers are more flexible than they used to be in the past. During the 1960s and before, managers could not just wait for situations to make their decisions. Instead, classical theories and models of management were always followed in the organization. Managers were therefore not expected to be so dynamic. No one would sit down and study the problem to make a decision in response to its uniqueness (Frederickson Ghere 2013). Whenever there was a need to make some decisions, the managers would have to apply the rules, strategies and models that were accepted at the time. This is a change that the CEO will notice with ease because he never did the same during his time. The CEO will learn that there are different kinds of contingencies upon which managerial decisions are made. These are technology, consumers, suppliers, government, competitors, trade unions, the public and other interest groups. So, by considering these varying contexts, the management gets to balance internal interest with that of the stakeholders who need to be catered for in any decision made. Contingency becomes a significant theory to be applied in meeting the goal because it can enable the management to acknowledge that there is no one best strategy to adopt to suit all the changing contexts (Shih, Young Bucher 2013). If each of these situations is treated as it is, the management can always make its decisions without unnecessarily inconveniencing the system, a practice that was not popular in the 1960s. Systems Theory One of the theories that the 1960 CEO will get to learn about is the systems theory. According to this model of management, the organization should be perceived as a sophisticated system with inputs, outputs and processes. For optimal results, each of these elements should be properly coordinated. For a proper management, the inputs which basically include human resources, technologies, capital and raw materials should be treated as an important aspect of the organization. The input can be of great contribution if a good process is put in place (Getz Page 2016). Meaning, there needs to be activities like planning, coordinating, organizing, staffing, controlling and motivating should be done as it ought to be. At the same time, the management needs to ensure that the output that entails quality production is guaranteed. This is the only way through which the clients diverse needs can be met. The application of this theory will be a shocker for the CEO because of the significance it puts on the organization as an entire system. In the past, managers did not need to treat the organization as such (Tweedie Holley 2016). However, with the application of this theory, the management has to treat the organization as one whole system whose success depends on a proper manner in which the inputs, outputs, and processes are managed. It is for this reason that the modern day managers are focused on the inputs, an activity done to satisfy the inputs. Having recognized the significant contributions of the employees, the modern managers have resorted to motivation strategies to suit each of them. Meanwhile, to properly utilize resources, the managers make important decisions to plan, organize and coordinate all the activities so as to expend the available resources without any wastage. Furthermore, to complete the system, the management has to be concerned about its clientele (Miner 2015). As the buyers of the products, the clients needs must be satisfied at all times. Hence, the management makes important decisions to deliver quality produce, make it accessible to all the customers and make the necessary efforts to seek for their feedback whenever necessary. Actually, the systems theory has revolutionized management because it has introduced new practices that were not done in the 1960s. Therefore, by encountering this theory, the CEO will contend with the changes in the contemporary managerial system and get to experience what ha d never practiced during his time. Why the CEO will Notice Little Change When the CEO who served in the 1960s gets an opportunity to interact with the contemporary managers, he will notice many changes. This is due to the fact that there are new practices that have been introduced into the management of organizations. At the same time, the CEO will get to realize that certain practices have not changed since the modern managers have upheld certain aspects of classical management. Some of the classical theories still in use today are discussed herein: Bureaucratic Theory of Management When the CEO gets to interact with the current managers, he will realize that the concepts of organizational hierarchy, specialization, and strong lines of authority have not changed. This simply implies that the modern managers, just like their past counterparts, still apply the principles of the theory of bureaucracy. As clearly outlined by Marx Weber, bureaucracy is one of the significant aspects of organization. In order to improve efficiency in production, the organization needs to be structured into hierarchies (Adler 2012). In the hierarchy, there should be different levels of management made up of top managers, middle managers, junior managers and the subordinates. Besides, the organization should be sub-divided into departments each of which having its own respective heads. At the same time, the organization should instill the spirit of specialization by encouraging each employee to concentrate in their respective areas of interest. Upon a thorough analysis of the situation, the CEO will realize that these aspects of bureaucracy have not changed. Just like in the 1960s, modern day organizations are structured into hierarchies. At the very top of the structure is the Board of Directors, followed by the executive management, junior management and the support staff. Each of these areas is handled by specialists whose promotion is based on experience and qualification (Chen Wang 2014). Meanwhile, the organization is segmented into different departments such as Human Resource Management, production, sales, marketing, and many others depending on the nature of the organization. For quality service delivery, each of these departments has a distinct boundary upon which they operate. All these still remain the same way they used to be done before the 1960s when the CEO was still active. Motivation Theories of Management There are different theories that have been applied in the management of employees. Some of the most prominent theories of motivation are Abraham Maslows Need Theory and Douglas McGregors theory X and Y. According to Abraham Maslow, human beings have needs that are arranged in a pyramid right from the most basic to the most luxurious. These include physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization. Everyone should satisfy these needs beginning with the most basic up to the most luxurious (Jerome 2013). On the other hand, theory X and Y states that human motivation is determined by incentives (motivators) and demotivators. These theories played a very significant role in the management of human resources. At all times, the managers had to properly apply these theories to boost the morale of the workers. Indeed, the CEO realized that there are many aspects f employee management that have not changed up to the present times. Just like in the past, contemporary manages acknowledge that employees are the most valuable assets for an organization. Without workers, no objective can be accomplished because it is through their efforts that the tasks are performed. It is for this reason that the management takes all the necessary measures to identify the employees needs and satisfy them appropriately (Kim, Lee, Chun Benbasat 2014). Since these theories are still in use, the contemporary managers apply the principles of rewards, punishment, democracy, incentives, strict supervision. There is no organization that does not, in one way or the other, motivate its employees. Otherwise, it can experience a high rate of turnover that can negatively impact on its productivity and prosperity. These aspects of motivation are still applicable n the modern society because they have a lot of benefits. First, the strategies are necessary for helping the employees to feel recognized, respected and appreciated because of the imminent contributions they make to the organization. In addition, motivation is good because it can enable the organization to enhance the productivity of employees and minimize the chances of turnover (Getz Page 2016). This can, in the long run, enable the organization to meet its short and long-term goals. Such benefits have made motivation theories to remain in use right from the classical to the present times. It is why the CEO thought that nothing much has changed since he retired from his managerial position many decades ago. Conclusion The experiences of the CEO clearly prove that change is an inevitable reality in the society. The fact that the CEO noticed changes in the organization shows that management strategies and models have been changing over the years. This is why the CEO observed that modern organizations make decisions based on the context and systems, thanks to the application of the contingency and systems theories of management. Nevertheless, the practice of specialization, departmentalization, democratization of decision-making, and employee motivation shows that the classical motivation and bureaucracy theories are still applied in management. Thus, the CEO noticed little change. References Adler, P.S., 2012, Perspectivethe sociological ambivalence of bureaucracy: from Weber via Gouldner to Marx. Organization Science, 23(1), pp.244-266. Chen, R. Wang, H.M., 2014, Research on organization structure and operation efficiency of extreme floods emergency management under bureaucracy-cooperation system: Taking Huaihe River Basin as a case. In 2014 International Conference on Management Science Engineering 21th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 2095-2101). IEEE. Frederickson, H.G. Ghere, R.K., 2013, Ethics in public management, ME Sharpe: New York. Getz, D. Page, S.J., 2016, Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events, Routledge: London. Jerome, N., 2013, Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), pp.39-45. Kim, T.H., Lee, J.N., Chun, J.U. Benbasat, I., 2014, Understanding the effect of knowledge management strategies on knowledge management performance: A contingency perspective. Information management, 51(4), pp.398-416. Miner, J.B., 2015, Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership, Routledge: London. Pike, S.D., 2013, Destination Marketing and ManagementTheories and Applications. Tourism Management, 34, pp.247-248. Shih, M., Young, M.J. Bucher, A., 2013, Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: Identity management strategies in organizations. American Psychologist, 68(3), p.145. Tweedie, D. Holley, S., 2016, The subversive craft worker: Challenging disutilitytheories of management control. Human Relations, p.0018726716628971.

An Insight to a Northern Light Essay Example

An Insight to a Northern Light Essay Famous novelist and award-winning author, Jennifer Donnelly was born in Port Chester, New York on August 16, 1963. She was a bright student growing up and later went on to attend the University of Rochester, majoring in English, Literature, and European History. After graduating, she attended Birbeck College, University of London. When Donnelly turned twenty-five, she decided to move to Brooklyn, New York and pursue a career in writing. Since then, she has written nine novels, being best known for A Northern Light. Many factors contributed to the making of this book being published. A Northern Light is a historical fiction that was first published in the U.K. and received many awards across the world. In Britain, the book won the Carnegie Medal. In the U.S. it won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and The Charlotte Award (Biography, 1). This novel takes place in 1906 about a young girl named Mattie Gokey. The time period shifts between the present and the past of her life. The present focuses on Mattie’s life at the Glenmore Hotel, where she works. The hotel staff soon discovers the body of Grace Brown in Big Moose Lake. Discovering Grace’s body is nerve-racking for Mattie because earlier that day Grace had given Mattie numerous letters and instructed her to burn them. She is conflicted throughout the entire story on whether to burn the letters or not. Every time she attempts to burn them, she is not able to because she is constantly busy with work or her boss is on the prowl. Thus leading her to read them and discovering crucial information to the case. The past focuses on Mattie’s life at home, where she is in school trying to attain a high school diploma and loves to write stories. She is aspiring to go to college and receives a full scholarship to Barnard College in New York, New York. The main thing that is holding her back from going is her promise she had made to her mother before she died, which was to stay and take care We will write a custom essay sample on An Insight to a Northern Light specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Insight to a Northern Light specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Insight to a Northern Light specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway, Clocks And Sounds

(``India'' appears 25 times). Other studies of Mrs. Dalloway are less detailed but serve as well to illustrate the difficulties of describing its narrative patterns. In ``Metaphor, Metonymy, and Ideology: Language and Perception in Mrs. Dalloway,'': Teresa L. Ebert discusses binary structures``counterpointing...visions'' (Ebert 152)in the novel's language. Building on Nancy Topping Bazin's Virginia Woolf and the Androgynous Vision, she explores how female and male polarities in the text are resolved in images of androgyny. Instead of metaphor and metonymy, Caroline Webb examines the ``anti-allegorical'' nature of the text (Webb 279). In ``Life After Death: The Allegorical Progress of Mrs. Dalloway,'' she argues that the narrative invites us to look for a ``hidden story,'' but ultimately frustrates our expectations (Webb 279). Focussing on the narrator as a specifically created presence in the work, Sharon Stockton refers to classical physics and phenomenology to show Woolf ``deconstructing the conventi! ons of authoritarian representation'' (Stockton, ``Turbulence in the Text: Narrative Complexity in Mrs. Dalloway'' 51). The novel's narrative has also been described specifically i... Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway, Clocks And Sounds Free Essays on Mrs. Dalloway, Clocks And Sounds Very Insightfull Essay on Clock symbolism and importance of sound in Mrs. Dalloway The beautiful and complex narrative of Mrs. Dalloway seems to defy readers' powers of description. David Dowling's Mapping Streams of Consciousness exemplifies a sense one must ``reconstruct'' the text in order to understand it. In a section entitled ``A Reading,'' Dowling dissects the novel into neat structural packages so the reader can easily study its anatomy. He includes maps of London showing various characters' movements and intersections, an hourly chronology of the day of Clarissa's party, character sketches condensed from details scattered in the text, and, in the appendix, a kind of ``miniature concordance'' that provides counts for some 32 words (``India'' appears 25 times). Other studies of Mrs. Dalloway are less detailed but serve as well to illustrate the difficulties of describing its narrative patterns. In ``Metaphor, Metonymy, and Ideology: Language and Perception in Mrs. Dalloway,'': Teresa L. Ebert discusses binary structures``counterpointing...visions'' (Ebert 152)in the novel's language. Building on Nancy Topping Bazin's Virginia Woolf and the Androgynous Vision, she explores how female and male polarities in the text are resolved in images of androgyny. Instead of metaphor and metonymy, Caroline Webb examines the ``anti-allegorical'' nature of the text (Webb 279). In ``Life After Death: The Allegorical Progress of Mrs. Dalloway,'' she argues that the narrative invites us to look for a ``hidden story,'' but ultimately frustrates our expectations (Webb 279). Focussing on the narrator as a specifically created presence in the work, Sharon Stockton refers to classical physics and phenomenology to show Woolf ``deconstructing the conventi! ons of authoritarian representation'' (Stockton, ``Turbulence in the Text: Narrative Complexity in Mrs. Dalloway'' 51). The novel's narrative has also been described specifically i...

Developing rigorous hypotheses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Developing rigorous hypotheses - Essay Example In effect, should deductive approach have been used exclusively in this study, the researcher would have had to focus the experiment on testing and examining the theory so that a firm theory or conclusion would be derived from the effect of the proposed scheme as a labelling scheme (Hardy & Bryman, 2004; Creswell, 2007). Meanwhile, it was not possible to use deductive approach alone, a reason for which no rigorous hypothesis was developed based on the experiment. As it has been explained earlier, the reason for refusing to use deductive approach alone, which would have called for the need to have a rigorous hypothesis was that there is no common test-bed based on which the performance, scalability and efficiency of labelling schemes can be assessed. Meanwhile, Sapsford & Jupp (2006) indicated that for a rigorous hypothesis to be set, based on which a deductive research will be carried out, it is important that there will be an easily substantiated framework or platform based on which the hypothesis can be tested. In the absence of such a framework or platform, the hypothesis set fails to be considered a rigorous hypothesis but only a guiding hypothesis that specifies to the researcher what needs to be achieved with the study. Also writing on research approaches, Riley et al. (2000) suggested that in such a scientific research as this where cannot be a rigorous hypothesis due to lack of a test-bed based on which the hypothesis will be justified, it is important that a combined approach that involves an inductive approach is used. It was based on this that the experimental framework used a combined approach comprising deductive approach and inductive approach. Yin (2009) explained an inductive research approach to be one which provides the researcher with greater flexibility and opportunity to modify the research emphasis depending on the accumulated findings throughout the research process. As a result of this, instead of exclusively basing on the

Education and Public Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education and Public Policy - Research Paper Example While the industrial educational policy regime emerged and spread fast at the start of the 20th century, the rights education period started with the emergence of civil rights movements and anti-poverty campaigns in the mid-20th century. The industrial education regime was characterized by policies, which supported vocational educational programs in the sectors of the economy. On the other hand, rights educational policies sought to address poverty and racial and socioeconomic segregation of the 19th and the 20th century. In addition, rights education movements fought for the creation and implementation of educational policies that promote human rights and equality. During the rights education regime, a rather detailed global framework was developed to promote human rights education and awareness where human rights violations were rampant. To achieve this objective, stakeholder partnership, especially by multilateral institutions was necessary.In particular,a vibrant and dispersed system of civil society activists and associations had to be created and involved in the human rights education policy development and implementation. In this partnership,the civil and human rights movements managed to achieve quite a lot. However,the institutionalization and implementation processes dragged on rather slowly and at different paces.Although reinforcement and implementation of suggestion courses of action remain relatively slow,the efforts of rights education have tremendously improved global responses to mass atrocities and other forms of human rights violations ... inforcement and implementation of suggestion courses of action remain relatively slow and inconsistent, the efforts of rights education have tremendously improved global responses to mass atrocities and other forms of human rights violations (Beitz, 2009). Rights education policies have made positive strides since its emergence in the mid 20th century. First, there has been an increase in the international community’s responsiveness to atrocities across the globe, especially in the Middle East (Beitz, 2009). Second, a lot of attention is currently directed at prevention of human rights abuse and accountability by governments. Furthermore, rights education has made citizens aware of their rights, making it rather difficult for great powers to block certain favorable courses of action at world bodies such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) (Beitz, 2009). Regarding industrial educational regime, a lot of positive strides have been made and success registered given its emphasis on industrial education that empowers the marginalized and the vulnerable. The regime was characterized by an approach to education that emphasized learning from an industrial perspective (Kincheloe, 1995). A core area in which industry-oriented education has been applied is in vocational education. Although in earlier time it was majorly offered to students with sub-degree education and in industrial setting training, it has been introduced and offered even for Bachelor’s and Master’s degree students since 2004. Based on one’s employment, industrial educational policies prepared learners for specific crafts or trades at different levels. One advantage of industrial educational regime policies is that they are relevant to professions such as nursing, medicine, architecture, trade,

Muscular Dystrophy Disease

Muscular Dystrophy Disease Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is when you have thin and weak muscles. You usually fall frequently and you run very strange. You have difficulty getting up and you cant sit up straight. It usually affects boys (rarely girls). â€Å"People with Muscular Dystrophy have incorrect or missing information in their genes.† The symptoms of muscular dystrophy are when you have poor balance and you cant walk straight. Sometimes you can have a curve on your spine; kind of like scoliosis. You tend to walk on your toes because you cant put your feet flat. You cant even climb stairs. If the Childs heart and breathing muscles get weak, they could die before reaching the age 20 from heart failure or pneumonia. In 1830 Sir Charles Bells discovered that Muscular Dystrophy is an x-linked genetic disorder that causes children to have progressive muscle weakness; most boys inherit this mutation from their mothers. People are born with this problem. Its not contagious and you cant catch it from someone else who has it. Some people develop this disease when they are adults. But usually, the signs of a child having muscular dystrophy appear around the ages three to five. There are many different type of muscular dystrophies. Such as, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker dystrophy, Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Limb- Gridle dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Congenital dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and Distal muscular dystrophy. Duchenne Dystrophy occurs 2 out of every 10,000 young men. It is the most severe disease out of all of the muscular dystrophies. It occurs mostly in young boys that affects children today. The signs and symptoms of muscular dystrophy may include sudden falls, Large calf muscles, difficulty getting up when lying or sitting down, difficulty running or jumping, weak leg muscles, and â€Å" Mild mental retardation, in some cases â€Å". Becker muscular dystrophy is milder than Duchene. It affects older boys and young men, but it progresses slower than others. The signs and the symptoms of Becker dystrophy are similar to Duchenne except that Becker usually appears between the ages 12 to 16. But the latest it can appear is around the ages 25 to 30. This disease can also cause severe heart problems. Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy can appear in your early childhood or teenage years and it can only affect males. â€Å"It causes muscle weakness and wasting in the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs.† There can also be life threatening heart problems to the carriers. Such as the mothers, the sisters and the daughters. â€Å"Muscle shortening (contractures) occur early in this disease.† It can weaken your chest and pelvic muscles; that means that when you breathe, it is hard to inhale oxygen because your muscles dont let you move your chest. This progresses slowly, but it causes less muscle weakness than other muscular dystrophies. Myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common in adults. â€Å"It affects both men and women and it can appear from any time from early childhood to adulthood. In some rare cases it can appear in newborns.† This symptom can get worse in cold temperatures. It not only affects your whole body but it affects your nervous system (the brain). Which means it is going to affect your hormones and how you do simple things. Because your brain is like the command center, a normal person can go through puberty and do simple things like picking up a phone. But when you have these diseases, you cant grow and you cant do certain things because your brain has a dysfunction. Limb-gridle can appear in the early teens and early adulthood and it can affect males and females. â€Å"Limb-girdle causes progressive weakness that begins in the hips and moves to the shoulders, arms, and legs.† In 20 years, walking can be almost impossible. Sufferers are able to live there late adulthood. Facioscapulohumeral affects the face, shoulder blade, and the upper arm bone. â€Å"This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females.† You can have short periods and rapid deterioration. The percentage is very mild for you to be completely disabled. About 50% of the people that suffer from this disease can walk their whole lives; they can usually live a normal life span. People with Congenital muscular dystrophy are born with problem and it can affect either male or female. The doctors can figure out if the baby has muscular dystrophy in the first few months of the Childs life or at birth. â€Å"Along with severe and early contractures.† You can often have seizures when you get older. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy can appear in men and women in there 40s, 50s and 60s. It causes weakness in the eye and face muscles, which may lead to difficulty swallowing and sometimes choking. â€Å"Weakness in pelvic and shoulder muscles may occur later. Distal dystrophy is one of the rare forms of muscular dystrophy that affects both men and women. It causes muscle weakness in the forearm, hands, lower legs, and feet. Generally, distal dystrophy is less severe and it progresses very slowly than others. Muscular dystrophy is dominant trait. And the expectancy of muscular dystrophy ranges from 2-40 years old. â€Å"The overall frequency of all LGMD (limb-gridle) syndromes has been estimated to be 5-70 per 1 million populations in several countries.† But muscular dystrophy is most common in Brazil. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy but doctors and scientists are working hard to find one. â€Å"Some are even trying to fix the defective genes that lead to muscular dystrophy so they will make the right proteins. Others are trying to make chemicals that will act like these proteins in the body.† Things that will help Muscular Dystrophy Certain exercises such as physical therapy can help them with stiffening muscles near the joints. Some times teens use special braces to â€Å"ensure flexible joints and tendons.† Surgery is some times used to reduce pain. Medication can help sometimes. People with heart problems are very important that heart specialists monitor their heart.

marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is â€Å"the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives.† (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67) These two definitions explain how the marketing has a notion that means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customers. This idea is a simple and very important. The online sector of a business should have a complete overview of this idea and should use it to sell its products. Although some business people still have a production orientation. These people do not have much interest in the customers’ needs; they think of products and how to make money fast. People like this act as thought they are stuck at the beginning of the production era, where there were shortages of most products (Schwartz, 1999, p.5).Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is â€Å"the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives.† (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67) These two definitions explain how the marketing has a ... ...y store. The Gap also insures the safety, security, and privacy towards your registered information. Renaissance Cruises   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With renaissance cruises, your credit card is safe. They guarantee it. They have a privacy statement, which guarantees that under no circumstances, will they reveal a customer’s confidential information to anybody. This cruise line has three different was to buy products. One way is to buy online. By buy online, renaissance offers varying discounts to the customers. Another way is to call their 1-800 number. The benefit of this is to talk to an actual representative. The last way is to e-mail them. They will respond within twenty-four hours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By analyzing these two businesses, we found that both had security issues controlled. They also had easy ways to buy the products. The layouts of their web pages were organized and very informative. It was easy to understand how to order thing and how they established customer’s trust. They make the web pages full of click trough’s, which make the reader more interested in the site. Overall, these businesses have the customers in mind when making their web pages.