Nigerian Economy Macroeconomic Analysis - 5021 Words

sisNigeria – Country Report 2012 61310039 Indian School of Business 7/6/2012 Contents Economic Overview 3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 3 GDP Composition 4 Inflation 4 Shadow Economy 5 Trade Overview 5 Foreign Debt 7 Labor Market amp; Human Capital 7 Population and Income Inequality 8 Unemployment 9 Currency 10 Money Supply and Monetary Control 10 Fiscal policy 12 Exchange rates 12 Interest Rates 13 Foreign Direct Investment 14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Economic Overview Nigerias economy is estimated to be worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimates and analysis of various indicators is discussed in the†¦show more content†¦It is expected moderate only in 2014 as a result of moderation in commodity prices. The April 2012 inflation data as obtained shows a Month-on-month inflation to be (0.13%), Year-on-Year (12.9%), 12-Month Avg. Chg. (11.1%). The inflation rate is exceedingly high and is detrimental towards investment in the country. The Consumer Price Index and Nigerian Inflation rate is shown below. Source: Economic Intelligence Unit Shadow Economy The untaxed and unregulated revenues - by some estimates - account for between 40% and 45% of gross domestic product (GDP). Nigerians make most of their living, as street hawkers, minibus drivers, money changers or market traders. In spite of the abysmal performance of the country’s economy, poor infrastructure and unfriendly business environment Nigeria has huge potentials to be tapped because of its huge deposits of Natural Resources and population that can be gainfully employed. The black economy accounts for a large part of the Nigerian economy. Trade Overview Nigeria has considerable natural resources such as oils, and the revenue from oil exports forms a major chunk of the Government fund. Nigeria has recently started a sovereign wealth fund and the excess returns from oil exports viz-a-viz projected returns is directed to this sovereign fund. This fund is building up at a slower pace as the revenue is being directed towards meeting government excess spending to meet the countries capitalShow MoreRelatedNigerian Economy: Macroeconomic Analysis5008 Words   |  21 Pages Inflation 4 Shadow Economy 5 Trade Overview 5 Foreign Debt 7 Labor Market amp; Human Capital 7 Population and Income Inequality 8 Unemployment 9 Currency 10 Money Supply and Monetary Control 10 Fiscal policy 12 Exchange rates 12 Interest Rates 13 Foreign Direct Investment 14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Economic Overview Nigerias economy is estimated to be worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimatesRead MoreCurrency Devaluation And Fuel Subsidy Removal1185 Words   |  5 PagesCurrency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal are policies that are phenomena to the Nigerian economic environment. This research study identifies that the implementation of the policies has further caused more challenges in the pursuit for economic development than remedy to alleviate the crisis. From the research questions of this research study, was the questionnaire developed aimed at prying into currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal for Nigeria’s economic development. The use of questionnairesRead MoreThe Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector7782 Words   |  32 PagesJournal of Money, Investment and Banking ISSN 1450-288X Issue 7 (2009)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www.eurojournals.com/JMIB.htm The Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector Lending Behaviour in Nigeria Somoye, Russell Olukayode Christopher Associate Professor, Department of Banking and Finance Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye P.O Box 1140 Ijebu Ode , Nigeria E-mail: olukayodesomoye@hotmail.com Tel: + 234-8033335688 Ilo, Bamidele M Department of BankingRead MoreEffects of Finanacial Crises on Nigerian Capital Market5207 Words   |  21 PagesWith its roots in banking, the sub-prime mortgage crisis that commenced in the United States in 2007 soon resonated in other sectors of its financial system, and the economy, at large. It spread quickly to the developed economies in Europe, including the United Kingdom, and Asia -with Japan becoming well affected. The emerging economies were not isolated. A transmission channel of the global financial crisis, which has been referred to as the â€Å"Globalised Synchronized Slowdown† is the stock market SERE-EJEMBIRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of Gtbank International Organization1274 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine if this is abnormally high or not; a cross-sectional analysis of the competition is needed to determine if GTBank is too highly leveraged. The company has many foreign exchange risk exposures; they issue loans in multiple currencies (i.e. currencies of countries where they have operations) and began issuing USD bonds in 2013. In 2014 the Nigerian Naira devalued twice from N155/USD eventually to N197/USD. Despite the Nigerian Central Bank’s insistence to peg the Naira at N197/USD, thereRead MoreInterest Rate And Interest Rates1402 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time over which it is lent, deposited or borrowed (Wikipedia). Interest rate as policy instrument can be used to foster meaningful macroeconomic stability,the rate of interest exacts its influence on the macro economy by transmitting through savings, investment, output, employment, money supply and balance of payment. As a return on investment in financial assets, interest rate serves as inducement to save and byRead MoreThe Effect of Globalisation on the Development of Underdeveloped1 Economies7888 Words   |  32 PagesTHE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPED1 ECONOMIES By MUSA JEGA IBRAHIM The existing wide disparities between the developed and the underdeveloped economies makes globalisation a tool for stultifying the industrialisation process, and by extension, retarding the growth and development of underdeveloped economies. Trade liberalisation, the cardinal instrument of globalisation ensures that industrialised countries have access to world markets, which enhances furtherRead MoreThe Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria22514 Words   |  91 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study is designed to examine the causes of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on the Nigerian economy since there is scarcely any country that lives in absolute autarky in this globalised world. The economies of all the countries of the world are linked directly or indirectly through asset or/and goods markets. This linkage is made possible throughRead MoreThe Capital And Recurrent Expenditure On Human Capital Development3676 Words   |  15 PagesNigeria between the years 1981 and 2010. The data used for the study are from secondary sources: Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publications, Statistical Bulletins and CBN Annual Reports (various issues). The paper employed a descriptive statistical analysis of trends of government capital and recurrent expenditure on human capital development as well as economic growth using data on Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) as proxy. The findings reveal that government places higher premium on its recurrentRead MoreFactors That Affe cts The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United States of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy and the resulting

Milo Thailand Marketing Plan - 6582 Words

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY â€Å"Milo†, a brand of chocolate/malt powder beverage of Nestle, which is once known in the past as number one brand in customers’ mind in Thailand. But nowadays Milo is not that well perceived as before but another leader, Ovaltine, had triumph the position and become market leader in the segment. With the nature of Nestlà © that utilize generic marketing strategy such as cost leadership in business, the company is currently struggling hard time finding the competitive advantage for Milo, when it comes to face to face with its main rival, Ovaltine. The main objective of this marketing plan is to provide useful of marketing strategies, explanation and sales forecast to make Milo become the market leader in Thailand. Models†¦show more content†¦Nestlà © can provide more value to this group by inform that Milo contains rich nutrition. Marketing Management: MILO Marketing Plan 3 ï‚ · Personality: People with active personality and outgoing should be educated that Milo is the perfect product for them. Nestlà © can tie Milo to sport celebrity that has the same type of this personality to create emotional attachment with consumers. 2.2 SWOT ANALYSIS We applied SWOT analysis to find out how effective Milo is operating based on its internal and external factors that affect its success. INTERNAL Strengths ï‚ · Mainly focused in chocolate/malt beverage. ï‚ · Unique selling point. ï‚ · Part of Nestlà © which can leverage the brand Milo reputation and financial. ï‚ · Value of money, cheaper than competitors. ï‚ · Well know not just in Thailand but worldwide. Weakness ï‚ · Lesser product variety compared to competitors (Ovaltine) ï‚ · Lesser assortments of packaging (only pouches) ï‚ · Low distribution coverage. EXTERNAL Opportunities ï‚ · World Cup event. ï‚ · Increased media alternatives .(mobiles and internet) ï‚ · Health conscious trend. ï‚ · Prosperous fitness industry ï‚ · Not many big players. (two big players are Milo and Ovaltine) Strengths: Since Milo’s product is primary chocolate/malt related, it is easy for the company to communicate and puts its resources single-minded on its product assortments. The brand Milo is also under the umbrella of Nestlà © brand name thatShow MoreRelatedMarketing 4ps1314 Words   |  6 PagesFundamental Of Marketing MKT 243 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT(NESTLE MILO) NAME : SHAHRUL IZANY BIN SHAHIR MATRIX NO : 2010486584 GROUP : J3BM1112B LECTURER : MISS NOR FAZLIN BINTI UTEH INTRODUCTION | 1 | PRODUCT | 2 | PRICING | 3 | PLACE | 4 | PROMOTION | 5-6 | INTRODUCTION Nestlà © began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in 1939. Since 1962Read MoreNestle Marketing Plan1453 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Plan - Nescafà © Dictado, Louise Lejano, Mark Albert Basa, Carol Belle Magnaye, Angelica Current Marketing Situation Analysis A. Industry Study Nearly a hundred years after it first started operations in the country, Nestlà © Philippines, Inc. (NPI) today is a robust and stable organization, proud of its role in bringing the best food and beverage throughout the stages of the Filipino consumers’ lives. The Company employs more than 3,200 men and women all over the country. It is now amongRead MoreMarket Study Marketing 310 Kraft (Tang Instant Drink Mix Oreo Cookies)1928 Words   |  8 Pagesloves its sweet, refreshing flavor plus the added nutrition it gives. It is also instant drink mix charged with calcium and vitamin C. The present geographical dispersion of these two products Oreo are from Indonesia and the Tang product is from Thailand. The Tang and Oreo are supplied by the best available resources that the Kraft could gather with its firm company thats been proven through the years of expertise and experience of the worlds best food people. I. The Target Market Potential MarketRead MoreNestles Organizational Structure5323 Words   |  22 PagesNestle Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s origin date back to 1866, when two separate Swiss enterprises of George Page and Charles Page were founded that would later form the core of Nestle. In September 1866, Henri Nestle developed a milk-based baby food, and soon began marketing it. This kind of milk which was named Farine Lactee Henri Nestle was designed for babies who can not absorb breast milk in order to decrease the fatal rate of newly-born babies. The very first success of Farine Latee did save lives of thousands newly-bornRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Nestle India For Chocolate Products Essay10181 Words   |  41 PagesMARKETING STRATEGIES OF NESTLE INDIA FOR CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project work entitled â€Å"MARKETING STRATEGIES OF NESTLE INDIA FOR CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS† submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of summer project. It is own original work and has not been submitted earlier either to any university or to any other Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement for any course of study. I also declare that no content of this projectRead MoreNestle Ethical Issue2665 Words   |  11 Pagesfor instance; they have to improve yield and quality of coffee farms in China as similar as in Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines and Thailand (Nestle 2006). According to Nestle (2012), it enhances with highly successful with innovative organic growth. There are seven brands which get high sales volume and the percentage each brand is as below. Nestcafe NestleNan Milo Nestpresso Nestle Pure life Nestle Nido Maggi Total 11% 18% 13% 22% 11% 11% 10% 7.7% In the role of multinational business and corporateRead MoreMarketing Plan of Nestle9279 Words   |  38 PagesExecutive Summary Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. While strategy is the action plan to do something and hence, Marketing Strategy is the managerial process of developing and maintaining a viable fit between the organization’s objectives, skills and resources and its changing market opportunities. The aim of marketing strategy is toRead MoreMarketing Strategies of Tata Motors8079 Words   |  33 PagesMarketing strategies of TATA motors is one of the most successful marketing strategies in automobile industry. By looking at the SWOT analysis of Tata Motors, you will know why Tata Motors Company is able to produce more than 4 million different types of vehicles such asc a r s, trucks, commercial vehicles, 4Ãâ€"4†¦etc since the company began in 1945. Meanwhile, Tata Motors Limited has also become the largest automobile producer in India market. Marketing strategies of Tata motors What makesRead MoreMunchy4274 Words   |  18 PagesMunchys Make The Company Marketing Essay Strategic management is the process which refers to strategy formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross functional decisions to enable an organization to achieve its objectives. A strategy is about long-term planning and it must be implemented and the organization resources as well as its capabilities properly harnessed so as to achieve the planned outcome. Strategic management focuses on integrating management, marketing, finance or accounting, productionRead MoreOperational Strategy in Nestle24176 Words   |  97 Pages(Warehouse Lahore) 62 65 69 79 81 85 91 92 93 4 Introduction What is strategy? Strategy from a traditional point of view can be divided into four main points Plan: It’s usually a top down traditional approach. It is developed consciously and implemented. It is derived through a rational and analytical process Ploy: It is a subset of plan involving a bit of game play. Usually it’s a manoeuvre threatening action with little intention of implementation. Position: This is the relationship of company

Arts and crafts movement Essay Example For Students

Arts and crafts movement Essay Their focus was to emphasize a new appreciation of traditional craftsmanship using simple forms. They wanted the designs to not only be enjoyed by the consumer but by the creator as well. The philosophy of John Risking was his social criticism of machinery and he believed it the root of social evil. He was concerned about the decrease of rural handicrafts and the traditional skills being lost through modernization. The main controversy raised by the movement was how practical it could be in he modern world. Progressives claimed that it was trying to relive the past and that the Arts and Crafts Movement could not be taken as practical in mass urban and industrialized society. But the ideas still managed to spread throughout all of Europe and eventually to North America. Though in Europe the movement stood for anti-industrialism in America the ideas ever slightly different. They embraced the movement because they felt it could be enable a new experience in industrial consumerism. The movement flourished in the arts era of Art Nouveau and Art Deco, especially in the middle class. It initiated the attempts to reinterpret European arts and crafts ideals for architecture and furniture. The designs emphasized the qualities of the materials being used, often using patterns inspired by British flora. They were influenced by the Gothic Revival and were interested in medieval styles, using bold forms and strong colors based on medieval designs. They claimed to believe in the moral purpose of art. Truth to material, structure and function. The reason for the decline of The Arts and Crafts Movement Is relevant to the 1836 death tot William Morris. Continuing growth of industrialization was a factor as well because as a society we had grown dependent on its convenience. Although there were hundreds of organizations and guilds that were created that carried the spiritual and aesthetic message of the movement and its leaders, over the next decade the interest slowly declined as people looked for the next design fad and the upcoming international tensions that would flare up just before World War l.

The Tradition of Making Cherry Jam Essay Example For Students

The Tradition of Making Cherry Jam Essay For many years, my family has many traditions of going to family events and gatherings. One of them is going to beautiful house in small village near Skopje. The house was built 30 years ago by my grandparents. When they were young they wanted to built house where our family can spend time together. In the yard they planted fruit trees and now we can enjoy the beauty and tastiness of the fruits. When my mother was little she learned the family tradition of making cherry jam. She and my grandmother are now making cherry jam together. Now it was my turn of learning the tradition. I have always enjoyed the warmth of the family gathering especially those where I can learn a family tradition, such as making cherry jam. Cherries are very tasty fruits that grow on trees. A cherry tree will take three to four years to produce its first crop of fruit, and seven years to attain full maturity. We have 2 trees in our yard, one with white cherries and one with red cherries. We will write a custom essay on The Tradition of Making Cherry Jam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although jam could be made from white and red cherries our family for many years is using the red cherries. They have a very short growing season. The peak season for cherries is in the summer. They are usually at their peak in June and in July to mid-August. When the peak season come we are all there prepared for the cherry jam making. At first all men are picking up all the cherries from the tree in big crates, buckets and boxes. Often we must remind them not to eat the cherries but to put them in to the crates, buckets and boxes. We use special spoons to take out the seed. Now the cherries are prepared for the jam. Then we put certain quantity of sugars and the cherries in large pot on light fire and left to boil 2-3 hours. At this point, our family has 2-3 hours, the most beautiful hours for spending time together. This time is full with laughter, talking, singing and playing. Of course from time to time one of use is going to check and stir the cherry jam. The family secret that is passing from generation to generation is when exactly the cherry jam is ready. The most common mistake that is made while making cherry jam is when you take out the cherry jam from the fire to late or too soon from the exact time. Finally, with spoon we put the cherry jam in the jars all together and it is ready. This cherry jam making is not common only to our family. Families from all over Macedonia and Balkan know how to make jam. Many families make jam with pleasure however there are families that think that buying the jam is a lot easier than making it. Tradition of making jam has two positive things, keeping family together and spending beautiful time and also making something delicious such as cherry jam so the whole family can eat it throw the year. As above mention we can see that making jam is very easy we should only pick the cherries and boil them, but this making jam is precious because it gathered the family and make me realize how much I love and enjoy spending time with them. When I learn the jam tradition, I found that the time spent with my family is the most important ingredient in cherry jam making process.

How to Use a Blog to Grow a Business or Professional Brand

How to Use a Blog to Grow a Business or Professional Brand The past decade has ushered in a new way of advertising through blogging, online content, and social media campaigns. If you own a business or are marketing a product or service, there really is no better way to drive traffic to your site than through a regular, content-rich blog. Blogs offer business owners and service providers a way to show their expertise, attract customers, and build rapport with existing customers through relevant content that is related to their industry or specialty.In tough economic times, business owners and service providers are seeking ways to cut costs while expanding their customer base. Blogging is an inexpensive marketing strategy that only takes a few minutes of your time but one that can have significant impact on your growing business. Whether you chose to hire a professional writer to do your blogging or write it yourself, there are a few key tips to keep in mind if you plan to use a blog to grow a business or professional brand.Keep it profession alThe biggest mistake most bloggers make when using a blog to grow a business or professional brand is to treat the blog with less professionalism than they would treat their website or other content marketing strategies. While a blog is certain a less formal way to market your services or expertise, it is still interaction with your customer base and should be treated as such. A lack of professionalism will likely reflect negatively on your company or brand.Keep it relevantHeres an example: If your business involves photography, your blog should be related solely to photography – not to your other personal interests, activities, or musings. However, a blog in this case would be an excellent way to share some of your out-of-studio photography work, some shots of your family or friends (for a more personal touch), or to talk about certain aspects of photography that attracted you to the art form in the first place. It is also an excellent venue to inform your customer base abo ut industry-related news or products. This allows your customers (both current and potential ones) to get a feel for what inspires you and your level of expertise in the industry, building trust and rapport. All of these things are good and essential in growing a business.Spell checkAnother aspect of professionalism is making sure your blog is free of spelling and grammar errors. This is why it always helps to have another person read over it before you publish. Sometimes, an extra pair of eyes reading over content is all that is needed to point out obvious mistakes that the writer may have missed or might not know is a mistake. Peer editing or hiring a professional editor should be a must for any content before it is published (not after!).If you cant get someone else to edit for you, spend as much time editing and proofreading your content as you spend writing it, if not more. Read over it several times and if you come across an issue that you arent sure about, look it up. Better to be safe than sorry later when someone informs you that you mis-typed or misused a particular word.Microblogging and social media sitesStarbucks used this marketing tactic to expand their business past a slump the company experienced in 2009. Microblogging is similar to status updates or tweets, but takes the concept further in encouraging customer interaction and feedback. Microblogging can be anything from short blog posts or status updates about new products and the latest information, to customer surveys and a forum that allows your customer base to interact with your company on a daily (or weekly) frequency. Its important, however, to keep this content fresh. Mix it up with pictures, video, commentary, and new product or service information. The more engaging your content, the more likely your audience will respond positively to it and seek your advice or expertise.An important thing to keep in mind with connecting your blog to other social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc., is to keep your blog the central point of activity where you write the content and connect the social media sites to it (such as a status update on Facebook that links directly to your blog posts). Think of the social media sites as a method of announcing a new blog post, rather than as in addition to your blog. The intent is to drive traffic to your blog, and ultimately, to your businesss website.Time it rightThere are trends in blogging that should be considered when you create a post. The ideal is to post when visitors are most likely to see your content. According to market research, the times people are most likely to be reading blog posts are Mondays at 11 AM ET.Link your blog to your websiteWhen you use tools like RSS feeds that link your blog posts to your website, this allows new, fresh content to be shown on your website daily. This step is vital because it vastly improves search rankings through relevant keywords.

Babson College (GPA, SAT and ACT Scores for Admission)

Babson College (GPA, SAT and ACT Scores for Admission) Babson College GPA, SAT and ACT Graph Babson College GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores for Admission. Data courtesy of Cappex. How Do You Measure Up at Babson College? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex. Discussion of Babsons Admissions Standards: Far more applicants are rejected than accepted by Babson College. Successful applicants will need to have standardized test scores and high school grades that are well above average. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that most successful applicants had high school grades in the B / A- range or higher. Admitted students tended to have combined SAT scores of 1250 or higher (RWM), and ACT composite scores of 26 or better. Strong math scores are particularly important at Babson. Note that there are quite a few red dots (rejected students) and yellow dots (waitlisted students) mixed in with the green and blue in the middle of the graph. Many students with grades and test scores that were on target for Babson College did not get in. Also note that a few students were accepted with test scores and grades a bit below the norm. This is because Babsons admissions process is based on more than numbers. The college uses the Common Application and has holistic admissions. The admissions folks will be looking at the rigor of your high school courses, not just your grades. Also, they will want to see a winning essay, interesting extracurricular activities, an engaging short answer, and strong letters of recommendation. You can further strengthen your application by doing an optional interview, and all applicants must do a supplemental essay in the form of a letter to your Babson roommate. To learn more about Babson College, high school GPAs, SAT scores and ACT scores, these articles can help: Babson College Photo TourBabson College Admissions ProfileWhats a Good SAT Score?Whats a Good ACT Score?Whats Considered a Good Academic Record?What is a Weighted GPA? Articles Featuring Babson College: Top New England Colleges and UniversitiesTop Massachusetts CollegesBoston Area Colleges If You Like Babson College, You May Also Like These Schools   Bryant University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVillanova University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStonehill College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Connecticut:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFordham University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphProvidence College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNortheastern University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGeorgetown University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston College:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Pennsylvania:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBentley University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDrexel University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Philosophy IUP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy IUP - Essay Example 2. No picture can be able to depict that it has a pictorial form 3. It is not possible for a picture to portray that any other image owns a pictographic appearance. 4. It is not possible for a picture to portray its own pictorial form. Statements 2 and 3 can only be valid if a picture is corresponding to a particular item in reality; this is an statement that is still debatable. In to accept this requirement, a counter example to 2 and 3 is that a spatial picture is capable of depicting anything that is spatial. In this case, therefore, for a normality that is partial to be portrayed, it means that spatial structures of the picture imply the pictorial appearance of the picture. The spatial normality depicted means the spatial appearance is also portrayed. We represent facts about reality to ourselves through pictures. The elements a picture has correspond to the elements that a fact also has. These elements constitute the fact. For instance, if a fact is formed by the combination of three pictures, then the fact also represents the three pictures if its picture is also taken. The elements of the three pictures must also be seen in the picture of the fact as well; all combined in a particular similar way. This combination of the elements of the image is what the author referred to as the structure of the picture. The illustrative appearance is what enables a picture to be able to organize its elements or components in a given determinate way. A picture only displays its pictorial form. It is not able to depict the pictorial form. 2.712 is the conclusion of other sentences in the Tractatus. According to 2.171, â€Å"a picture cannot in any way depict a reality of the form it has. Consequently, a spatial picture only depicts anything that is spatial while colored pictures depict anything that is colored, and so on†. Following 2.712 is 2.713. it states that a picture is only represent its subject from outside its position. This means that the picture will sh ow something from a position outside its own. 2.714 goes on to say that a picture is not able to put itself out of its representational form. These three other statements from Tractatus are the only points with which the conclusion can be proven. The only thing that a picture has in common with the state of affairs it assumes is the pictorial form it owns. Any particular picture owns a pictographic appearance. Therefore, a picture is only able to depict a reality of the form it has as its own. Even though 2.171 only speak of only ‘form’, this ‘form’ could be taken to mean the pictorial form too. According to 2.173 and 2.714 ‘subject’ is highlighted to mean the normality, which the picture is to portray. In this case, a picture should portray the pictographic appearance it has in the normality available. Nonetheless, the pictographic appearance exists in the image just as it exists in an entity. This is also the same as structure exists in state of affairs. There is no appearance or form that exists past an object or on the exterior of an object. Similarly, no structure exists of the boundaries of a state of affairs. From the point of view 2.174 represents, we may say that the idea of the self is relevant. This states that it is not possible for a person to be conscious of his or her own consciousness from the point of the same consciousness. Analogously, it is not possible to see a person’s opinion if viewed from the very same opinion. Similarly, it is not plausible, and commonly known that anything that cannot be conceived is virtually impossible. The author of this book, states that each image has its appearance. Nonetheless, it is not possible for the picture to be able to put itself outside the representational

Why are the events surrounding the South Sea Company often described Essay

Why are the events surrounding the South Sea Company often described as a financial bubble Identify at least one other famous bubble and discuss what feat - Essay Example With desires to get rich quickly, ambitious investors hurriedly and haphazardly invested on stocks of a particular company without first assessing its real situation. The result is the vital drop not only of a single firm but also of the entire national economy. This is the predicament that the South Sea Company in England in the 18th century experienced. Considered as one of the worst financial disasters in a capitalistic society, the South Sea Bubble is a proof that avarice can lead a single person, firm or even an entire nation’s economy to collapse. In those days, the British Empire reigned over the entire world. It was a time of affluence and prosperity for British people enabling them to invest. The exuberance of investors to gain more out of the company’s monopoly of the South Seas compelled the company issued more stocks that were also sold out by greedy investors. The lavish and generously enamored company office ostentatiously displayed the opulence and success of Britain on its industrial revolution. With the notion spread by speculators that this company â€Å"could never fail,† its share price skyrocketed tenfold from its original value, making its investors rich overnight. It was at this point that the reality set in, bursting the bubble of the company’s overpriced share prices. South Sea Company’s heyday ended when its management realised that they failed to manage and operate the company properly. They realized that the company was not generating profit at all. The funds came basically from selling stocks and not from actual commerce. News that the company was actually profitless instigated panic stocks selling. Useless stocks were sold frantically leading to a stock market crash. Many British people lost their fortune because of this. From 950 pounds per 100 pound par value it slid down to 290 pounds in less than 4 months. The invention of the personal computer

The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are the special types of vehicles that make use of two things together, i. e. conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric propulsion system, which together help in achieving fuel efficiency as compared to any other vehicle. The degree of efficiency and improvement provided by the HEVs depend on the degree and the type of propulsion systems they make use of. The engineers have succeeded in adding several additional features such as special breaking etc. for making sure that these vehicles provide high fuel efficiency and effectiveness. The HEVs are being widely used all over the world and its usage will keep increasing every day. There are various ways in which these vehicles can be classified and these classifications are all discussed below. One common way of classifying the hybrid electric vehicles is on the basis of the power that is supplied to the drive-train of the vehicle. The first vehicle is known as the parallel hybrid, wherein the wheel gets special power from the ICE, as well as the electric motor that are both connected to the mechanical transmission. These parallel hybrid cars are shown to be much more efficient than the ones that are non-hybrid and are suitable for highway and urban style usage and running. There is another series of vehicles known as the series hybrids, wherein only the electric motor is used for supplying power to the drive-train. The batteries are shown to be rechargeable. These cars are less efficient than the parallel hybrid cars but still give extremely high performance when used in cities. The combination of the parallel and series cars can also be used for increasing the overall efficiency. These cars are called the power-split hybrids. Though they are slightly more costly than the other cars, they also demonstrate higher efficiency. While the earlier discussed classification was based on the source of power supply, there is another classification that is based on the degree of hybridization that is included in the design. One type of devices can be full hybrid in nature. These vehicles are also known as strong hybrid and are usually operated based only on the engine. The drive-train is shown to demonstrate extremely high flexibility and high power output. The vehicles can also be classified as mild hybrid, wherein the electric motor is the only source of functioning for the cars. Not only do they provide fuel savings but are also more compact in nature. Thus, we see that there are different types of HEVs that are used by the people. The nature and the type of HEV that is used, depend on the requirements of the person and the cost savings and fuel efficiency that is desired. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/electrical-engineering-homework-help/.

Critical report: Anybody’s Son Will Do Essay --

In Gwynne Dyer’s article â€Å"Anybody’s Son Will Do†, the conversion of civilians to killers is being explained in stages. This articles focuses more on male psychology and malleable people. The author’s belief is that people can be easily brainwashed if they are put in constant stress. To support this idea, the author gives examples of military training around the world which psychologically destroys individual values and loyalties and rebuilds them to make combat troops that will do exactly what has been ordered and defend his groups to the death. The soldiers are first trained in basic level where they are motivated to destroy their individualities and build comradeship amongst the men. The bond is so important among men because when they are in battle, they have to fight for eachother. In the beginning of the basic training, the recruits are all worn out. The training is being done in an island where they are conscripted to do what is being told by the drill instructor without question. Neither they can leave, nor they can communicate much with the outside world. Basic training is basically about giving mental and physical pressure to create motivation. In the first three days, the recruits are being hustled, yelled, and shouted. They learn the basic orders of drill that enable them to work in large groups. They have to surrender their clothes, cut their hair, cut their physical evidence of individuality citizen identity. The recruits sleep aside a series of hasty rituals and given no time to reflect or to look back and th ink about their families, friends. So that the recruits donot backout, the frantic bustle of forming is set. The creation of an environment that romanticizes the milita... ...e brutal and harsh ways that are used in military to change people into killers seems inappropriate to me. To become a soldier, right methods can be applied as well. It is disturbing to read that the recruiters treated the recruits in such an inhuman way. They are also humans that donot deserve to be treated in such an awful way. The author argues women are also malleable to become soldiers which is right. But for women, inorder to become powerful, they have to show more willing, masculinity, and aggression like men. Yet again, the author puts another question – What causes war? I think it is because of social distribution of power. Throughout the ancient military culture, mens are already inclined to kill or die. The primitive culture where men had to be a warrior to protect tribes from natural disasters or wild animals or anything still affects civilization today.

Mgt/311 Motivation Strategy Plan Essay

Abstract This paper will review the motivational strategies that best suits each of the three employees based on their characteristics. I would go on to describe the motivational strategies I have chosen and why they would suit theses three individuals. This paper will also point out the motivational theories that are best connected to the motivational strategies I have chose I have come up with motivational strategies that I felt was appropriate for all three individuals based on their portfolio from their self-assessments and their characteristics. In order to do this I had to evaluate each of the individual’s characteristics and see what best suited their interests. Mike is able to make reasonable decisions but could at times make rash decisions which could have a negative affect the way he makes decisions regarding his job. He lacks self-motivation when it comes to his employment. Mike is mildly emotional although it he may become overwhelmed under pressure. He has a relatively positive emotional outlook when it comes to his job. Mia tends be able to valuable decisions regarding her life and job which is a positive feature for her job. She also tends to be self-motivated but may become bored with her job from time to time. Mia emotions could interfere with job related issues because she seems to be highly emotional. She is able to work under li ttle to no supervision Positive emotional outlook about her job but this could fluctuate depending on stress level which means she would be open and receptive to helping others. Ray has a good since of direction when it comes to making decisions he too could work well under little to no supervision. He tends to be self-motivated but may need a boost here and there due to lack of interest. Like Mike Ray tend to have mild emotional reactions to job duties and job related stress but seems to be able to regulate his emotions. Great positive emotional outlook toward his job and tend to be very helpful to others. There are a few motivational strategies that I have chosen these strategies are in place to suit each of the three individuals. The strategies I have chosen is merit based pay plan, flexible benefits, employee recognition, employee involvement programs and bonuses. Each of the individual’s characteristics that benefits from one or all of these choices. The merit based pay plan would help the individual engage in their jobs better because great performance equals a great raise. Flexible benefits also helps them to choose benefit package that best suits their individual needs, this is seen as a perk of the job. Employee recognition would suit each of the individuals because this would help them feel good about the work they are doing and would make them want to keep doing a great job, it would also boost their confidence. Employee involvement is another strategy I would use because this would give the individuals to become more involved with not only their assigned job but with other things in the company as well. This would also help them to do things out side of their job and expand their knowledge. Lastly I chose bonuses I feel as if the company is doing well it would be because of the employees and the bonuses would also give the individuals something to look forward to and help them to want to keep up their performance because if their performance goes down the production of the company goes down and so will the bonuses (Robbins and Judge, 2011). The two motivational theories that are connected to my motivational strategies are two, factor theory and expectancy theory. According to Robbins and Judge (2011) expectancy theory is a theory that believes that employees would be motivated to a high level of effort when they feel as if it would lead to a better performance appraisal. The two motivational theories believe that a person is basic and their attitude towards their work could determine their success or failure (Robbins and Judge, 2011). With my strategy I not only want the individuals to have a good attitude towards their job but to also feel appreciated for doing their work. References Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (14th Ed.). River, N.J. Pearson/Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. Employee Portfolio: Motivation Action Plan. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/311 Organizational Development website.

Copyright and whether it has been infringed?

In order to be able to settle the question whether or not there has been copyright infringement, the two underlying principles to guide us is the applicable law and infringement. The submissions by both parties to the dispute were drawn from the federal laws and a clear jurisdiction is provided for under the 1976 Copyright Act. Further, the submissions by the parties were clearly on cases that are from the federal courts and hence jurisdiction is not a debatable issue. The other issue is on the question of infringement.As previously indicated, the infringement arises when the copyright registered is used by somebody else who purports to be the owner of that work. In this issue, the plaintiff did not have his work registered, however, it is not a disputed fact that the works belonged to the plaintiff and therefore not an issue. The question that suffices in this case is the similarity of expression. The intention of the Copyright act is to protect the author’s expression of ide a and not the idea itself.In the present case the plaintiff had brought to the defendant the work which the defendant was to look into and decide whether it was a good idea or not, however, the defendant went on to pass the works to another third party who turned to be his agent to confirm the work and instead stole his ideas and a document was produced to that effect. The intention of the doctrine is to protect the authors’ expression. In order to settle this question the court looks at the nature of expression is it expressed in myriad ways or in narrow ways?In the above case, the expression is expressed in narrow form and therefore there is similarity of expression from the document which was produced by the third party, who was in concert with the defendant herein, it is therefore correct to submit that there was infringement by the defendant. Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact? The issue of whether or not that there existed a contract is one which cannot go ignored. The rule of thumb is that all contracts must be in writing. However, the case before us is that, there is no written contract between the parties and therefore the issue of implied contract of fact arises.Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact, the test will be applied to the intentions and conduct of the parties. A contract implied in fact will construct the whole agreement, further it is a contract that is created when a party tacitly accepts benefit at a time it was able to reject it. In the present case, it is the finding of the court and fact that the plaintiff had given the defendant manuscript and that they would use it for the purpose which was intended and should they do otherwise then the plaintiff should have go consideration.In arriving to this conclusion the court looks at the intention and the conduct of both parties at the time of making of the contact. It is clear from the conduct of the defendant especially from the second request for the m anuscript that there was intention to create an implied contract of fact. For the court to arrive at the conclusion that indeed the defendant was in breach is in order and therefore the plaintiff should be awarded the remedies that follow suit as a result of the defendant breaching the contract.Under the California laws which the plaintiff had pleaded under, the courts can enforce for remedies. Whether or not the affecting issues will affect the judgment of the court? There are other issues that directly and indirectly affect the outcome of the case this include; †¢ Exclusion of hearsay Evidence †¢ Denial of Motion to amend †¢ Finding of fact †¢ Statute limitations †¢ Attorneys fees It is trite law that the hearsay evidence will not be admitted on record save that it meets the exception rule. The issue in this case is whether or not in the trial courts’ finding the exclusion was in order.In the circumstances, the exclusion was in order since the evide nce which the parties had purported to bring before the court was adduced by a third party and clearly could not and hearsay hence did not fall within the exception rules. Motion to amend can be given if certain legal principles and threshold are met with the party seeking to rely on it. The underlying guideline is that, the Motion to amend can be given and if it does not seek to prejudice the other party. In the foregoing circumstance, a motion to amend was brought 19 months from the time the matter was filed in court and viewed with suspicion.The only conclusion that was arrived by the courts is that it was brought with the aim of forestalling the wheels of justice and it was proper for the court to deny the same. The burden of proof shifts to the person who alleges, in the foregoing circumstances if the plaintiff made allegations and did support using evidence which they did, then it can be held as the true fact. In presenting their evidence, the plaintiff did support his evidenc e and was not shaken by the defense and therefore the court is correct to find their position as the truth. The issue of limitations goes to back when the cause of action arose.It is the defendants’ submission that it is time barred under the California laws. The courts are guided from when the action arose in this case after the defendant failed to make good the payment and which was within time when the defendant was filling this suit which is now a condition precedent. The general principle is that the losing party should pay the costs. In this case, the defendant lost the case and further, it is our submission that the case was brought under the federal laws copyright Act of 1976 that the party guilty should pay the advocates costs.In conclusion, therefore it is my humble submission that the plaintiff has fulfilled the required threshold on matter of balance of probability and hence attained the chance of success. Works cited Lessick, Susan,† Copyright ownershipâ₠¬  UC Copyright. Feb 27, 2003 Nov 22, 2008 â€Å"Implied-in-fact Contract†, Business Dictionary, Ed 2007-2008 Massey, Calvin R,† The California State Constitution A reference guide† published 1879

Why Laboratory-Grown Meat Is Not Vegan

Why Laboratory-Grown Meat Is Not Vegan On August 5, 2013, Dutch scientist Mark Post presented the worlds first laboratory-grown burger at a press conference, where he shared the patty with two food critics. Although the foodies found the flavor lacking, Post stated that the purpose of the exercise was to show that it could be done; flavor could be improved later. Laboratory-grown meat may seem at once a Frankenfoods nightmare, as well as a solution to the animal rights and environmental concerns regarding meat-eating. While some animal protection organizations applaud the idea, meat grown in a laboratory could never be called vegan, would still be environmentally wasteful, and would not be cruelty-free. Laboratory-Grown Meat Contains Animal Products Although the number of animals affected would be greatly reduced, laboratory-grown meat would still require the use of animals. When scientists created the first laboratory-grown meat, they started with muscle cells from a live pig. However, cell cultures and tissue cultures typically do not live and reproduce forever. To mass-produce laboratory-grown meat on an ongoing basis, scientists would need a constant supply of live pigs, cows, chickens and other animals from which to take cells. According to The Telegraph, Prof Post said the most efficient way of taking the process forward would still involve slaughter. He said: Eventually my vision is that you have a limited herd of donor animals in the world that you keep in stock and that you get your cells from there. Furthermore, these early experiments involved growing the cells â€Å"in a broth of other animal products,† which means that animals were used and perhaps killed in order to create the broth. This broth is either the food for the tissue culture, the matrix upon which the cells were grown, or both. Although the types of animal products used were not specified, the product could not be called vegan if the tissue culture was grown in animal products. Later, The Telegraph reported that pig stem cells were grown using a serum taken from a horse fetus, although it is unclear whether this serum is the same as the broth of animal products used in the earlier experiments. Posts final experiments involved shoulder muscle cells taken from two organically raised calves and grown in a broth containing vital nutrients and serum from a cow fetus. Its Still Considered Wasteful Scientists are hopeful that laboratory-grown meat will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but growing animal cells in a laboratory would still be a waste of resources, even if the cells were grown in a vegan medium. Traditional animal agriculture is wasteful because feeding grain to animals so that we can eat the animals is an inefficient use of resources. It takes 10 to 16 pounds of grain to produce one pound of feedlot beef. Similarly, feeding plant foods to a muscle tissue culture would be wasteful compared to feeding plant foods to people directly. Energy would also be required to â€Å"exercise† the muscle tissue, to create a texture similar to meat. Growing meat in a laboratory may be more efficient than feedlot beef because only the desired tissues would be fed and produced, but it cannot be more efficient than feeding plant foods directly to people. However, Pamela Martin, an associate professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago, co-authored a paper on the increased greenhouse gas emissions of a meat-based diet over a plant-based diet, and questions whether laboratory-grown meat would be more efficient than traditional meat. Martin stated, â€Å"It sounds like an energy-intensive process to me.† As reported in the New York Times, Post replied to a question about whether vegetarians would like lab-grown meat, Vegetarians should remain vegetarian. That’s even better for the environment. Perpetuating Animal Use and Suffering Assuming that immortal cell lines from cows, pigs and chickens could be developed and no new animals would have to be killed to produce certain types of meat, the use of animals to develop new types of meat would still continue. Even today, with thousands of years of traditional animal agriculture behind us, scientists still try to breed new varieties of animals who grow larger and faster, whose flesh has certain health benefits, or who have certain disease resistance. In the future, if laboratory-grown meat becomes a commercially viable product, scientists will continue to breed new varieties of animals. They will continue to experiment with cells from different types and species of animals, and those animals will be bred, kept, confined, used and killed in the never-ending search for a better product. Also, because current research into laboratory-grown meat is using animals, it cannot be called cruelty-free  and purchasing the product would support animal suffering. While laboratory-grown meat would probably reduce animal suffering, it’s important to keep in mind that it is not vegan, it is not cruelty-free, its still wasteful, and animals will suffer for laboratory-grown meat.

Carnauba Wax Composition and Uses

Carnauba Wax Composition and Uses My son says my car smells like candy. This is not because I satisfy some sugar craving while driving, but because I waxed it with the same wax used to coat many candies. This is carnauba wax, also known as palm wax or Brazil wax. What is carnauba wax? Carnauba wax is an ingredient in many foods and household products. Heres a look at what carnauba wax is made of and the properties that make it such a useful chemical. Carnauba Wax Origin Carnauba wax is a natural wax. It  comes from the leaves of the Copernicia prunifera palm grown only in Brazil. The wax is obtained by beating the wax off of the dried palm fronds and then refining it for use. The pure wax is yellow in color. Carnauba Wax Chemical Composition Carnauba wax consists of fatty acid esters (80-85%), fatty alcohols (10-16%), acids (3-6%) and hydrocarbons (1-3%). It is around 20% esterified fatty diols, 10% methoxylated or hydroxylated cinnamic acid, and 6% hydroxylated fatty acids. Properties and Uses Carnauba wax has a very high melting point of 82-86  °C (180-187  °F). It is harder than concrete and nearly insoluble in water and ethanol. It is non-toxic and hypoallergenic. It can be polished to a high gloss. The combination of properties leads to many applications, including use in food, cosmetics, automobile and furniture wax, molds for semiconductor devices, and as a coating for dental floss. You use products that contain carnauba wax every day, though you may not have known what the ingredient was or where it came from. It is one of those extremely useful natural chemicals and renewable resources that doesnt have a synthetic equivalent. As for my car smelling like candy: the wax does have a distinctive sweet scent. It might be more accurate to say many car waxes and candies smell like carnauba wax.

Food Policy Reform in Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Food Policy Reform in Schools - Research Paper Example For the lower socioeconomic groups, the food is free, whereas for the upper group children, it is provided at a cost but a subsidized rate. The main objective of the program is to deliver a healthy and nutritious diet for children at school and to develop good eating habits and promote healthy eating practices during the growing period when nutrition is utmost important for the development of the child (USDA 2008). More than 94% of the schools have subscribed to the NSLP and this is provided under the National School Lunch Act 1946 that was adopted as a policy by the Harry Truman Administration. About 17% of the federal budget meant for food and nutrition assistance programs actually goes to the NSLP (USDA 2008). During the implementation and development of the program initially in the 1940’s and the 1950’s, greater effort was being laid on addressing poverty, starvation and malnutrition in children. However, today, the concern is much different, and seems to be an equa l challenge that was present during the baby days of the NSLP. There is a growing concern of obesity and being overweight in children, especially in the lower socioeconomic groups who find it difficult to address their health needs (Rogers 2010). The NSLP was earlier meant to help children who were eating a diet at home to eat more and to meet their higher calorie and protein demand. Besides, there are children coming from diverse family backgrounds having diverse food nutrition and food needs and it would often be difficult to cater to their tastes. Hence, it would be difficult to meet the various needs through one lunch program. There are other concerns also including the sustaining the program through the federal funding and donations may create difficulties, facing stiff competition from the junk food sector, unnecessarily creating a crunch for the agricultural produce, and outdated structure of the program. In this paper, we would analyze one of the problems faced by the NSLP, look at the viable alternatives, and develop a solution to resolve the same (US Government Accounting Office 2003). Define and analyze the problem One of the main concerns of the NSLP is that the objectives of the program may not be in line with the requirements of the children today. When the program was being implemented during its baby days, its main aim was to address malnutrition, weakness and starvation in children and provide them with a nutritious meal for at least once daily. However, today, the program is considered as a factor that is causing obesity and unhealthy eating in children, and there is a concern on the quality of foods that is currently being served via the program. There is a growing concern whether the program is worsening the effect of obesity in the population in order to support the agricultural sector. Even the poor today are no more undernourished and are facing a stiffer problem with obesity. The program is encouraging the overconsumption of energy and fats and is also increasing the amount of food being consumed by children. As children of the poor are provided by food at lower costs, they are encouraged to eat more, not helping in reducing obesity and in the process developing eating habits that would worsen the problem further in life. The child when he or she grows into an adult would be prone to several health risks including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, stroke, etc. There were concerns as to why the NSLP was

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 9 Discussion Post and Student Assignment - 1

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 9 Discussion Post and Student Responses - Assignment Example Following the Second World War, it was clear that oil was a coveted industrial commodity. The most celebrated and visible event in history took place when the United States president, Franklin Roosevelt met the founding monarch of Saudi Arabia. The meeting between the two world leaders linked American national security and Middle East oil. It also gave birth to one of the most significant strategic relationship that was forged in the 20th century with Saudis meant to supply cheap oil to the world markets with an aim of acquiring American protection. Over the course of the 20th century, preserving the security of Saudi Arabia as well as that of other countries such as Iraq were among the main political and economic concerns of countries such as the united states of America (Bouillon, 2013). The presence of oil in the Middle East countries and the struggle to control the commodity was fraught with peril and always proved costly in terms of treasure and blood. Oil has continued to flow into the global markets even though with a lot of difficulties emanating both internally and externally. Since the end of the 1970s, most of the countries in the Middle East including Iraq have experienced permanent war and revolution as a result of the commodity. In Iraq for example under the regime of Saddam Hussein, was rocked by domestic war that resulted to loss of lives. Even though security is measured by absence of war, most of the countries in the Middle East have encountered threats of domestic and international war as a result of supply of oil. The United States led inversion of Iraq in the year 2003 and the conflicts experienced in most of the countries in the region have represented both the international and domestic politics affecting the region. The American military invasion of the country represented only a stage of the US militarism in the Middle East. While more considerable

How employees react when facing organization change and what HR Literature review

How employees react when facing organization change and what HR manager should do - Literature review Example None of the mini computer companies could succeed in the business of personal computers Business schools and medical colleges are finding a hard tome to transform their curriculum according to the types of doctors and managers that are in demand in the market (Christensen & Overdorf, 2000, p.67). There are numerous other examples displaying the same challenge. It is seen that change efforts fail primarily because employers fail to handle the resistance towards change from employees. Managing change successfully means managing the fear of people. However, the peoples’ reactions to change efforts remain irrational and unsuccessful. Resistance towards the change originates from the fear of the unknown and apprehensions about a loss. HR managers play the crucial role of managing the reaction or response of employees towards the change process. The apparent reason to peoples’ fears is the way they perceive the change process, while the back end reaction to the change process is the extent to which they are equipped to deal with the change process. ... The project brings forth numerous critical reviews and suggestions of researchers and practitioners on the subject and delivers a critical analysis. It also puts forth their views regarding how changes can be managed effectively through effective people management procedures (Adair, 2007, p.124). Literature Review- How employees react when facing organization change and what HR manager should do Employee Resistance to Change- Critical Analysis The research begins with analysis of the greatest challenges of managing change initiatives in the organization. Managing organizational change is a difficult process as the conditions under which it is undertaken at the initial stage keeps changing. As situations keep shifting it becomes increasingly difficult for the top managers and agents to prepare for manage the change process in a way which satisfied both employers and employees. It is not surprising to understand that change resistance has attracted immense attention from practitioners and researchers. Immense attention has gone into the understanding of determinants and sources of change resistance. The general public and the media have gone into various forms of active resistances such as protests and strikes. Some of the other forms of organizational resistances are passive resistance, which is comparatively less observable, but has immensely attracted the concern of employers in organizations. Unsurprisingly, resistance towards change initiatives account for being one of the most crucial sources of organizational change failures (Conger & Kanungo, 1998, p.8). Meyer, (1982) and Nadler, (1998) have defined the concept of organizational change as the effort or the series of efforts which is designed in a manner to bring about change or transformation in

Counterbalancing China or Exploiting BRICS

Counterbalancing China or Exploiting BRICS COUNTERBALANCING CHINA OR EXPLOITING BRICS: OPTIONS FOR INDIA INTRODUCTION 1.BRICS, a unique group of countries with shared opportunities common challenges, came into being in New York in Sep 2006. However, it was during the third Summit at Sanya, in China, in Apr 2011 that South Africa joined this group thereby completing the acronym. BRICS symbolises the amalgamation of the most powerful emerging economies of the world into a group whose composite economic strength will wrest the global economic power away from the developedG7economies. 2.BRICS economies account for a quarter of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been consistently displaying sustained high annual growth rates. The economic potential of the BRICS nations cannot be overlooked however, it is yet to be seen whether BRICS would only limit itself to being an economic group or will it also assert itself on the world matters in global forums that have been dominated by the G7 nations. The possibilities of using its economic potential are endless. In its quest to realise the stated goals, it is imperative that these nations work jointly cohesively. 3. The Sixth BRICS Summit held in Brazil on 16th 17th Jul was an important milestone for the member nations as well as huge economic opportunities for them as well as the member nations with the announcement of making BRICS Bank operational to be headquartered at Shanghai. China and India being the two of the largest and most influential members share an uneasy relationship both economically and politically. BRICS is the key to their relationship and path to mutual growth. Statement of the Problem 4.Can India leverage BRICS platform to offset its economic and border issues with China? Hypothesis 5.India can resolve its economic and border issues with China by leveraging BRICS platform. Method of Data Collection 6.The information for this paper shall be gathered through the study of various books, journals papers in print as well as the Internet. Views of various guest speakers would also be incorporated. An attempt would be made to refer the sources from various agencies. Scope 7.The scope of the Dissertation is:- (a)Background/Historical perspective of BRICS. (b)Economic potential of BRICS. (c)Significance of BRICS in global politics/ international governance. (d)Challenges faced way ahead. (e) Sino-Indian Disputes. (e)Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future. (f) How India can leverage BRICS. CHAPTERS Chapter I : Background/Historical Perspective Of BRICS 8.This section will attempt to throw light on the origin the journey of BRICS from its inception to the present day. It will also broadly cover important aspects of the Goldman Sachs report by Jim O’ Neil that brought about the acronym of BRICS. Chapter II : Economic Potential of BRICS 9.Developing to Emerging Economies. This section of the paper will bring out the geo economic geo political journey of individual nations, leading to their present status. It will also give out the steps initiated by the member nations of BRICS to emerge as a cohesive stable economic platform. It will also highlight the key economic reforms resorted to by the BRICS nations the latent potential existing with these members. 10.Present Scenario. This section will deal with the current economic potential of the BRICS nations, both individually collectively. The present potential of BRICS has been listed as progressive however certain critical aspects that boost the economic potential are not symmetric across the members of BRICS. 12.Future Potential. The future potential as predicted for the BRICS will be discussed in this section. This section will also analyse the barriers that BRICS can implement to immune itself from the present global economic slowdown thereby maintaining its economic growth. It will aim to bring out that as economic powerhouses regional hubs, intra-BRICS market integration can insulate these nations from worldwide economic downturn. Chapter III : Significance Of BRICS in Global Politics / International Governance 13. Economics Finance. The interaction of BRICS members in order to reform international financial system is likely to remain a key priority in the midterm perhaps also in the long term. 14. Global Politics. BRICS as a group has already accumulated valuable experience in coordinating actions with regard to several major global political problems. BRICSs deeper engagement with the UN will aim to preserve strengthen the central role of the Security Council in maintaining international peace security. 15.Security. The format of the BRICS does not provide for deliberating military, political issues developing mechanisms for military cooperation. However, there are regular meetings of the high representatives of the members on security issues, including strategic stability, international regional security, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction the settlement of regional conflicts. This section will aim to bring out the underlying security implications for the BRICS nations in current geo – political environment. Chapter IV : Challenges Faced Way Ahead 16.The BRICS is still in its nascent stage owing to which it is likely to face a number of challenges ahead. The member nations need to overcome the internal contradictions to develop the group into a cohesive entity. This section will analyse some of these challenges like:- (a)Growth Disparity between member nations. (b)Trade Imbalance Mutual Distrust. (c)Public Private Participation. (d)Policy reforms for BRICS members to make their growth processes more durable development oriented. (e)Bring out the need to reform the structure functioning of IMF. (f)Launching of a joint development bank. 17.The Way Ahead. Under way ahead, recommendations for BRICS nations to sustain their economic growth mutual development will be deliberated. The important aspects such as mutual cooperation, handling of economic situation, establishment of BRICS bank and other miscellaneous issues will be discussed. Chapter V : Sino-Indian Disputes. 18. This chapter will be covering the disputes between both the nations as under:- Border issues. Geopolitical threat. Economic imbalance. Tibet issues. Nexus with Pakistan. Potential arms race. Indian Ocean Region. Brahmaputra water projects dispute. (j) Race for minerals/hydrocarbons in Africa and CAR. Chapter V : Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future. 19. This Chapter will be dealing with the mutual relations:- (a) Political relations. (b) Economic relations. (c) Potential cooperation areas. Chapter V : How Can India Leverage BRICS? 20.Key Thrust Areas for India. There are a few key thrust areas that India must seek in order to enhance its influence in the world forums. These thrust areas such as strengthening economic infrastructure reforms, building strategic alliances with members of BRICS, maintenance of steady pace of economic growth; increasing service industry’s influence energy security will also be discussed in this section. 21.Leveraging BRICS. (a)Geo-Political Leverage. This sub section will bring out how India stands to gain Geo-Political mileage by being part of BRICS. It will cover the aspects that will bear major advantages for India in the Geo-Political sphere. (b) Economic Leverage. This sub section will dwell upon India’s likely economic gains from BRICS that will further boost its economic growth add greater value to its economic potential. (c) Geo-Strategic Leverage. BRICS offers India ample opportunities to enhance its global reach overcome certain strategic impediments. This sub section will view all these opportunities against the backdrop of the Geo-Strategic implications that they may bring forth. (d) Defence Cooperation. This sub section will analyse the opportunities that India will have in realms of security while being the member of this group especially as Russia China, two of major military powers also part of the group. CONCLUSION 19. It is well evident that BRICS has emerged as an entity that has the potential to challenge the influence of G7 in the world forums. This potential evolves from a sustained economic growth the diversity exhibited by its member nations. The economic potential of BRICS is the sole reason why it is being viewed as the initiation of a Multi Polar World Order that is set to overcome the unipolar hegemony of the US. However, BRICS, in order to maintain its economic potential will need to eradicate multiple challenges that it faces due to the Geo-strategic locations divergent national interests of its member nations. BRICS will be a success in true self only if India and China can resolve their mutual issues and steer it towards the path of development and prosperity.

Management Models :: Business Employee Management

The Industrial Revolution brought about the emergence of large-scale business and its need for professional managers. Modern managers use many of the practices, principles and techniques developed from earlier concepts and experiences. Early military and church organizations provided the leadership models on which the classical/functional model was the first to be developed. It began around the 1900 and continued into the 1920s. Max Weber known as the father of modern sociology analyzed bureaucracy as the most rational and logical structure for large organizations4. Through the years, other men and women like Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth, Mary Parker Follet and Chester Barnard, to name a few, tried to come with better models which were all geared towards making organizations more productive and lucrative until in the 1950s, the project management model was developed by Henry Gratt.

Hp-Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay

It specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise, and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers, and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small- to medium-sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also has strong services and consulting business around its products and partner products. HP believes that simplifying logistics industry supply chains centers on a single premise: the information surrounding in-transit materials and financial management is as valuable as the actual physical goods. Thus, the better you synthesize and utilize the information embedded in the supply chain operations, the more you can reduce complexity and prosper. To this end,The company offer a four-pronged approach for addressing supply chain complexity:1. A clear understanding of the challenges, and a vision of how to break through the complexity. 2. The broadest portfolio of services and technology in the industry for creating an integrated and agilesupporting infrastructure. 3. An industry architecture that maps this portfolio to the core business technology layers that areessential for a high-performing supply chain. 4. Service methodologies for assessing and refining the business and technology that propels supply chain performance.

Opening Act of Othello Essay

Othello’s opening scene has an overall negative impact on the audience in the form of shock as some rather crude language; such as †zounds†, â€Å"tush†, â€Å"’Sblood†; opens the play. This scene sets the premise for the play and tells us of Othello and Desdemona’s elopement, and the betrayal of Brabantio. The opening scene occurs at nightfall to a conversation between two men; Roderigo and Iago on a street outside the house of Brabantio, a man who, unbeknownst to his, has just lost his daughter to a man, a general, he does not approve of. The nightfall of the opening scene created the air of mystery and darkness and is quite expository in regards to the character, Iago. The night is a time where most tragedy occurs and Iago distorts the truth and begins his crusade against Othello by revealing his plan to Roderigo, a man who is infatuated with Brabantio’s daughter, Desdemona. The night also exposes Desdemona’s wrong doing in the betrayal of her father by marrying someone who has not asked her father, and therefore has not been given permission, to marry her. When Iago and Roderigo tell Brabantio of Desdemona’s betrayal it is done so in a rather cruel and dramatic manner and shocks the audience. This creates a sense of pity in regards to Brabantio who, not only learns of this betrayal, but also suffers because of the way in which he was told. Iago ‘orders’ Roderigo to summon Brabantio to â€Å"poison his delight,† and he is summoned to the street in a form of disruption coming from Iago and Roderigo shouting that he has been robbed. â€Å"Awake! What, ho, Brabantio! Thieves, thieves! // Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags!† The reveal is conducted in a crude manner especially within the language used by Iago: â€Å"Zounds, sir, y’are robbed! †¦ an old black ram // Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise!† these lines can be seen as the most striking of many animalistic images into which Iago’s speech habitually lies. It can also demonstrate Iago’s views on aty pical human desires as well as relationships. Although Iago appears to despise the Moor and any thought regarding a union between he and Brabantio’s daughter, there is also an impression that Iago is relishing in the betrayal as well as despising the action. And this open’s the audience to this despising regarding the Moor. Roderigo refuses to believe Iago once told of Desdemona’s, the woman he is infatuated with and even asked her father for her hand in marriage, elopement with the Moor and reveals that he is quite naà ¯ve. He doesn’t believe any body else is fit to marry her and therefore does not believe that Othello is good enough. Brabantio is angry in a different way as he feels betrayed and ‘robbed’. In Elizabethan times, marrying a man’s daughter without seeking his permission was seen as a crime as equally wronged as rape as that was essentially what it was. If the father had not given permission then she was not eligible for anything past marriage. However, Brabantio should be happy for Desdemona as she has, independently, found a man she loves who happens to be that of great power and honour rather than being racially biased against the Moor. However his anguish is understandable considering the severity of the act and no matter how much of a charismatic man Othello is, he says â€Å"words are words. I never did hear // That the bruised heart was pierced through the ear.† This translates to mean that she has betrayed him and she will most definitely betray Othello. Iago uses this to his advantage with regards to his diabolical plan. Words cannot bring consolidation to a man who has been betrayed so defiantly. Othello’s marriage is a result of his pride and arrogance, his tragic flaw or ‘hubris’, something that causes him to escalate to violate an important moral law, later on in the play. Also, his confidence is part of his hubris as it is an escalation of his pride and arrogance and this can be demonstrated in his speech defending his marriage to Desdemona and why he didn’t ask for permission in Act 1 Scene 3. His tragic error, or ‘hamartia’, is not revealed to the audience in so many words, however, the audience knows that Iago cannot be trusted and he is referred to, in Act 1 Scene 3, as â€Å"A man he is of honesty and trust:† by Othello himself so therefore, the audience can conclude that this is his hamartia. Iago is introduced as a confidant amongst the hierarchy, including Othello, who has not yet been physically introduced, and isn’t until Act 1 Scene 2, but is verbally referred to in a racial and disrespectful manner â€Å"mere prattle without practice† and isn’t referred to by name but by him or he. This is the first time we see Iago as a sinister and two faced, much like Janus, the Roman God with two faces mentioned on line 32 of Act 1 Scene 2. His short monologue at the beginning of the scene shows his first contraindication as he doesn’t respect Othello the way he claims to â€Å"off-capped†. Othello’s introduction in not physical but is referred to indirectly but Iago and Roderigo. Neither mentions him by name but do, however, mention him through his status and their complete disregard for his authority. This is due to Iago being passed over for the promotion to be Othello’s lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio, â€Å"a Florentine //, (A fellow almost damned in a fair wife). A quite obscure, misogynistic comment, in the sense that Cassio does not appear to be married and if ‘fair wife’ were to mean ‘pretty woman’ then Iago may simply be suggesting that Cassio’s fondness of women could be his downfall. A tragic element in regards to Othello as this later results in Cassio’s murder at the hands of Othello; this is seen as Universalism or Apocalyptism where everything seems to fall apart. Othello’s physical entrance in Act 1 Scene 2 is described as having a â€Å"Calm dignity† and is in deep contrast to his verbal introduction in Act 1 Scene 1. This seems to establish him as a hero and prepares the audience from his tragic ‘fall from grace’. Therefore the protagonist is established. Unfortunately, racism was an issue in Shakespearean times and Blacks and Whites weren’t seen as the equals they are today. Roderigo demonstrated the difference between times by being deliberately offensive in a racist comment about Othello â€Å"think-lips†. Throughout the opening act there are many monologues given by Iago. These put fear into the audience as we know what he is going to do but how will his plan come fruition? These monologues give us as an audience an insight into the future and allows us to create our own theories regarding Iago’s plan. There’s a kind of irony within the fact that he reveals all of this to the audience as in the first scene of Act one he says the infamous line â€Å"But I will never wear my heart upon my sleeve // For daws to peck at; I am not what I am.† This biblical reference to exodus shows us that what he portrays is not his true nature. He has specifically said that he would not ‘wear his heart on his sleeve’, a metaphor for being too open and caring yet, his soliloquies are eloquent and revealing. This is an important clue into Iago’s true nature and quite early in the play, however, he remains elusive and is an ever-changing mystery within the play. This is a tragic element used by Shakespeare to keep the audience on their toes, something he was particularly good at as seen in Macbeth; Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy whilst sleep-walking. Iago’s monologues also give us an insight into his mind that would not be shared with another character. It lets us in to the deception and his wanting revenge over Othello. Insight is given into his intentions, motives and desires regarding his plan and we learn that he is going to accuse Cassio of wooing Desdemona and vice versa to sabotage the marriage of the man that rejected him. He is going to inject the jealousy of Cassio into Othello that will later lead to Othello murdering both Cassio and Desdemona. Iago still, however, retains his hold over Roderigo throughout the opening act as he is easily influenced. Domestic tragedy can be found within the marriage reference in Act 1 Scene 3 where Desdemona is first introduced and where Brabantio gives his blessing for her nuptials. The love can be seen as tragic and the whole scene is a rebuttal in regards to Iago’s slander of this union. It is revealed that â€Å"Desdemona was half the wooer† which means that she did half of the chasing. There is also a rebuttal of the accusation of witchcraft from Brabantio, as he believed that Desdemona â€Å"feared to look upon him†. Shakespeare uses a number of tragic elements in order to both shock and excite the audience. These include the Hamartia, Hubris, soliloquy and domestic tragedy. These are incorporated amongst the language in which the dialogue is written and also has a lot to do with the actors chosen to portray the roles of each character as each has their own flaw or quirk. Shakespeare incorporates these in numerous ways but most cleverly with Iago.

Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay Example

Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay Example Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay Griffith University Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport Management 1002HSL Introduction to Research Assessment 1 Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Part 1a) Introduction: The objective of this qualitative study is to investigate and compare the responses of single and married women that do not participate in physical recreation. Lack of physical activity from married and single women has been studied less extensively than men’s physical activity. Vehoef, Love Rose 2003) The issue of non-participation in physical activity can affect the quality of life and health of women globally. It is important to address this issue and understand why some women do not participate in leisure activities. The qualitative research in this report discusses the major themes or reasons for non-participation from women and compares these themes between married and single women. Firstly this report will give a brief review of some previous resear ch in this field mainly the reasons for not participating in physical activity. Secondly this report will give a short description of the research method used to gather the data for the quantitative research and thirdly it will discuss and describe the major reason for the non-participation in physical recreation of married and single women. Part 1b) Literature Review There has been some research on the topic of non-participation of women in physical recreation. Married women have less time to participate in physical activity due to work are childbearing responsibilities. (Nomaguchi Bianchi 2004) These days there are a lot more women working full time. Furthermore these women are working longer hours per day. (Nomaguchi Bianchi 2004) With longer working days women are spending less time doing recreational activity. Women are not motivated to spend their only free time exercising a lot would much prefer to relax and forget about work. Work and study along with other issues like family responsibilities are the main reasons that some married and single women are not involved in physical activity. (Erickson Gillespie 2000) One of the main reason for non-participation for married women is family and their role in the family. Nomaguchi Bianchi 2004) The majority of married women are working full time and caring for children. (Nomaguchi Bianchi 2004) Having a full time job and being a mother takes up a very large amount of time in ones day. After finishing a long work day and then tending to the needs of children such as transportation and hunger it does not leave very much time for a woman to exercise. A busy schedule like this can b e very mentally tiring and motivation to perform physical activity can decrease. Research shows that after all her work and family responsibilities are finished it is usually too late to start to exercise or they are simply too exhausted. This can affect the health and quality of life for a woman. (Nomaguchi Bianchi 2004) Single women have issues finding time to participate in physical activity. They may not have kids to look after in some cases but work and study issues can limit their time for exercise. Middle aged single women are slightly more active than married women the same age but the overall participation rate is small. Vehoef, Love Rose 2003) This small participation rate of married and single women is a concern for society with health issues such as obesity and depression increasing. Part 2) Research Methods The research methods used in this study were In-depth interviews. A number of interview were conducted with married and single women. In-depth interviews are primarily used when the number of subjects is rather small. The advantage of using a in -depth interview in a quantitative study is that it is an unstructured process that allows the interviewer to gain more depth of answers when compared to a questionnaire. The informal structure gives the freedom of the interviewer to change the direction of the interview and engage with the interviewee much more personally, this allows more extensive and detailed data. (Kwek 2011) It is important when conducting a in-depth interview to not lead the interviewee but to probe them for more information. The person conducting the interview must not agree with of disagree with the interviewee this is vital so the interviewee does not feel induced into to answering a question in a certain way. The interviewer must se more open questions to gain more in-depth information from the interviewee and then confirm this in-depth by using closed questions to ensure the data being collected is on track. The open, axial and reflective coding method was used to analyse the data. Open coding is the first coding method used in analysing the in-depth interview data. Open coding helps to make sense of the process and identify the root of the issue. The interviews were evenl y split between married and single women. Some of the issues for married women in the open coding stage were things such as; * Age – feeling too old Body image – being embarrassed by their body * Housework – having to cook and cleaning the house * Kids – transporting and caring for children * Work – working long hours and irregular hours * No motivation – finding it hard to feel motivated to exercise * No friends to exercise with – not having a partner or group to exercise with * Poor knowledge of physical activities – not knowing the best methods to participate in physical activity * Low energy levels – feeling exhausted * No time – having no spare time to partake in regular physical recreation Some of the issues for single women were; * No time Lack of funds – not having the money to be able to pay for and travel to physical activities of their interest * No friends to exercise with – not having a partner or group to exercise with * Low energy levels – feeling exhausted * Poor location of facilities – not having the transport options available to get to recreation facilities * Poor knowledge of physical activities not knowing the best methods to participate in physical activity * Other social activities – wanting to spend time socialising with friends going to the movies or eating together For the axial coding stage the data was analysed to find a more whole view of he issues for non-participation of married and single women. Axial coding minimalises the number of statements made by the interviewees and identifies the more common themes. Common themes for married women in the axial coding stage were; * Family and housework * No energy and poor body image * No motivation due to lack of friends to exercise with and poor knowledge * No time due to work Common themes for single women in the axial coding stage were; * Money * No time due to work and study com mitments * No motivation due to lack of friends to exercise with and poor knowledge * Relaxation and socialising At this stage of the coding process some common themes are visible for both married and single women. The majority of married and single women stated that time commitments was a major issues for not exercising. The reasons for the lack of time may vary from the married to the single women. This takes us into the third stage of the coding process, reflective coding. Reflective coding aims to seek any inter-relationship that may exist in the major themes. (Kwek 2011) This stage of the coding process paints an overall picture of the data collected and the major themes. The main themes in this research for married women are; * Lack of time * Family commitment * Lack of motivation Due to family and work commitments married women in this study seem to have insufficient time to participate in physical activity. The main themes in this research for single women are; * Lack of time * Lack of motivation * Lack of funds Like married women most single women in this study believe they do not have enough time to regularly partake in physical activity. A lack of motivation is also a common theme amongst married and single women. Single women in this interview process also claim that a lack of sufficient funding to engage in physical recreation is a big factor in their non-participation. Part 3) Discussion of Findings It is important to note that all the interviewees are non-participant in physical exercise. The reason for this study is to find out why these ladies are not exercising on a regular basis. The main issue that this qualitative research has found is time. Examination of the respondents both the married and single felt that lack of time is the main reason for the not to doing physical activity on a regular basis. There are some similar themes for both married and single women in relation to time constraints. One reason for lack of time that is evident in both groups is work or study commitments. For example, one respondent (Worker) noted that â€Å"I work five days a week and I have three children to look after so there isn’t usually much time left over for myself†. One single woman stated that â€Å"If I had more time I would be much more likely to do something active† (Kylie) It is clear here that both married and single women if they had more time would be more inclined to participate in physical activity. Another common reason for non-participation is lack of motivation. The majority of married and single women in this study feel no motivation to exercise. One similar reason for married and single women to hove low motivation is the lack of company to perform the physical activity with. Jane a married woman claims that she would be â€Å"more inclined to go if someone came with me, it would keep me motivated† Kylie a single woman also states that she would be â€Å"more inclined to do something like that if I had someone to go with†. Sheree feels the same, â€Å"I feel if I work less hours I would feel less exhausted and therefore more motivated to exercise† Working less and having a friend or friends to exercise with are big factors in motivating both married and single women to engage in physical activity on a regular basis. Married women in this study believe that their family commitments are a large contributing factor for them not to participate in physical activity. Most married women in this research both worked and had children. With work and family comes a very busy life in which women are finding it hard to find time to exercise. When I had my first child my priorities changed from looking after myself to looking after my family† This from Shazza who now is more interested in looking after the needs of her family than looking after her own health and quality of life. Married women with kids have a hard time to allocate any time to exercise because family is a full time job. What little time they do get they often would rather spend it with their husbands or just relaxing in general â€Å"my weekends are made up of transporting my kids to sport, spending time with my husband and doing work around the house†. Shazza) Single women in this qualitative study are shown to have issues with money in relation to the funding of physical activities. It is hard to find an activity that is fun and motivating without having to pay something. Even walking will cost a participant in the form of correct shoes. A Large portion of the single women that were interviewed for this study claim that they do not have enough money or cannot justify spending a large amount of money on physical activity. â€Å"Joining a gym is so expensive these days and sometime I can’t justify paying that much†. Kylie) It is easy to understand that Kat who is aged only eighteen has not enough money to invest in her physical recreation. Eighteen is such a young age where a girl is trying to find her feel and begin a independent life away from school and possible family. Although some of the time constraint and motivational reasons for non-participation are similar between married and single women it is also apparent that other issues such as family and funding can be found for both married and single women but generally in the bulk of cases family was an issue for married woman and funding was an issue for single woman. It is important to understand that the major issues discussed can be related and compound one another. Part 4) Conclusion In summary the research suggests that the major reasons for single and married women involved in this study are time and motivation. The vast majority of all the women interviewed found that motivation and time constraints were the biggest issues stopping them from being involved in physical activity on a regular basis. A number of respondents specifically noted that if they had more spare time they would in fact be involved in exercise of some description. Another stand out problem for married women was family commitments. Looking after a family took up a lot of the interviewees time and drained them of motivation linking the issues together. It is similar for the single women that also had lack of financing as a stumbling block to physical activity. Not having enough money deprives the respondent of motivation to regularly exercise. Although the major issues are very similar for both married and single women it is the finer details that make them different. For more women to begin and continue to partake in regular physical activity there needs to be some change in society. This research shows that women need more time and motivation for this to become a reality. One way to gain more time for future women would be to reduce the hours of a normal working week. Another would be to introduce some government funded recreational activities targeting women in their communities. It is important that more research is done in this field to further understand these major issues and work towards an increase in exercise from all women. Part 5) Reference List Erickson, J. Gillespie, C. (2000) Reasons women discontinued participation in an exercise and wellness program. The physical educator, 57 (1), 2-7. Retrieved from Google Scholar Kwek, A. (2011). 1002HSL Week 4 Lecture: Qualitative research methods. Retrieved from Griffith University, Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel Sport Management, [emailprotected] Website. Nomaguchi, K. Bianchi, S. (2004) Exercise time: Gender differences in the effects of marriage, parenthood, and employment. Journal of marriage and family, 66, 413-430. Retrieved from ABI/Inform Global. Verhoef, M. , Love, E. Rose, S. (2003) Women’s social rules and their exercise participation. Women Health, 19 (4), 15-29. Retrieved from ABI/Inform Global.